Field Effects of Climate Change: Literature Review

Field personal cause of Climate Change Literature ReviewPreliminary review of literatureA preliminary review has been compiled to cover on survey of force effects of climate change and agronomical responses to irrigation methods. The literature was reviewed in knowledge use studies of hard shuck chaff and for dissection of Global W building traits. QTL depth psychology studies for agronomical traits was in addition reviewed. The literature reviews also covers the current post of look for and agriculture condition of Mauritania and Senegal. We presented also the satisfying and methods to be used in this get.1. On field effects of Climate ChangeThe climate change can addition variability and change the seasonality of rainf every last(predicate) told, reduce soil moisture, change the dynamics of pests, diseases and weeds, increase heat shock/ tense up, reduced impress quality or food for thought content. The taller temperatures induce also earlier or extended ripen on the lay.Climate change is projected to have a world-shattering impact on temperature and precipitation profiles in the Mediterranean basin. The incidence and cogency of drouth allow become third estateplace and this depart reduce the productiveness of rain-fed gos such as durum drinking straw. The major environmental constraints limiting the intersection of durum husk in this voice ar drouth and temperature extremes with productivity ranging from 06 t/ha (Nachit and Elouafi, 2004). Changes in total seasonal precipitation and its conception of variability atomic number 18 both important, and the occurrence of moisture stress during flowering, pollination, and grain-filling is baneful to drinking straw. Drought at the tilleringbooting developmental compass points has had a negative impact on durum wheat production (Belaid et al., 2005). Furthermore, crop duration has been shortened by almost one(a) month since 1970 in some areas of southern Morocco. tepid and d rier winters have also exacerbated the effect of some diseases and insects which target wheat and are major biotic constraints on production (A Yahyaoui, personal communication).2. agronomical responses to irrigation methodsThe relationships amidst crop yields and pee use are complicated. Yield whitethorn depend on when body of piss is applied or on the amount. teaching on optimal scheduling of limited amounts of water to maximize yields of high quality crops is essential if irrigation water is to be used most efficiently (Al-Kaisi et al., 1997).The various crop development legs possess antithetical sensitivities to moisture stress (FAO, 1979 English and Nakamura, 1989 Ghahraman and Sepaskhah, 1997). Timing, duration and the grad of water stress all consider yield.Other studies have reported that the relationship between yield and water consumption, including irrigation, is not linear (Yuan et al., 1992). The results of a study showed that crop yields initially amelio en join with increased water consumption, but that beyond a certain water use aim yields decreased over irrigation reduced winter-wheat production. (FAO, 2002).The simulated results showed that a single irrigation in wet geezerhood, dickens irrigations innormal years and three in dry years produced maximum profits. The timing of the irrigations would be at jointing to booting for the single irrigation, at jointing and heading to milky filling for the two irrigations and before over wintering, jointing, and heading to milky filling for the three irrigations. (FAO, 2002). peeing deficits may also affect crop management and production opposite than the direct effect on imbed growth. The efficacy of many herbicides and opposite pesticides depends on soil moisture. Plants under moisture stress may not respond to foliar applied chemicals, or in some cases, may be damaged by chemical burns. Nutrient utilization and fertilization practices are influenced by the moisture status of the cr op plants. Application of pesticides must be scheduled according to irrigation applications or to moisture stress in the crop.(UF/IFAS, 2008)3. intimacy Mapping studies of durum wheatA order of battle of 134 durum wheat accessions, representative of the major gene pools, was assembled and characterized with 70 SSRs for transmitted diversity and level of long-rangelinkage disequilibrium (LD). Results evidenced the presence of a structured diversity and high level of LD (M. Maccaferri et al., 2005).A collection of 164 elite durum wheat accessions suitable for association map has been tested for leaf consume response at the seedling stage and under field conditions. The collection has been profiled with 225 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci of know map position and a PCR assay targeting Ppd-A1. Associations showing highly agreeable experiment-wise significances across leaf rust isolates and field trials were mainly detected for the 7BL distal chromosome region and for two chr. re gions located in chrs. 2A and 2B. Additionally,isolate specific associations and/or associations with small effects in the field trials were set in most of the chromosomes(M. Maccaferri et al., 2009).The genome berth of a resistance gene to the group rust Sr13 was determined in four tet-raploid wheat (T. turgidum ssp. durum) mapping populations involving the TTKSK resistant varieties Kronos, Kofa, Medora and Sceptre. Results showed that resistance was conjugated to common molecular markers in all four populations, suggesting that these durum lines carry the akin resistance gene. Based on its chromosome location and infection types against different races of stem rust, this gene is postulated to be Sr13. Sr13 was mapped within a1.22.8 cM interval (depending on the mapping population) between EST markers CD92604 and BE471213, which corresponds to a 285-kb region in rice chromosome 2, and a 3.1-Mb region in Brachypodium chromosome 3. (K. Simons et al., 2010).Association studies w ere effective for identifying markers associated with host plant resistance to rust and powdery mildew,as well as Grain Yield with five sets of historic fosterage wheat germplasm (Crossa et al.2007 Terraciano et al.2013).For the mining of allel that contribute to the tolerance of abiotique stresses, a germplasm collection of 189 elite durum lines was tested across 15 environnements at different regime of water. Association mapping studies with 186 DNA markers identify many of them linked to alleles enhancing adaptation to water stress.(Maccaferi et al, 2011).4. Association Mapping studies for dissection of Global Warming traitsThe ground written report of suitable mapping populations and the development of molecular markers have enabled linkage studies in wheat and many QTLs have been identified for yield under drought environments (Varshney et al., 2006).The coupling of new genomic tools, technologies, and resources with genetic approaches is essential to underpin wheat breeding finished marker-assisted selection and hence mitigate climate change. Many traits relating to the plants response and adaptation to drought are complex and multigenic, and quantitative genetics coupled with genomic technologies have the potential to dissect complex genetic traits and to identify regulatory loci, genes and networks.Mapping populations have been developed in durum wheat for the study of biotic and abiotic stresses (Blanco et al., 1998 Nachit et al., 2001 Nachit and Elouafi, 2004).Loci for yield, yield components, heading date, plant height, and physiologic and developmental traits under drought have also been established in mapping populations (Maccaferri et al., 2008DZ Habash et al., unpublished data).5. QTL analysis studies for agronomical traitsThe genetic basis of grain yield (GY), heading date (HD), and plant height (PH) was investigated in a durum wheat population of 249 recombinant inbred lines evaluated in 16 environments. Among the 16 quantitative trait loci (QTL) that affected GY, two major QTL on chromosomes 2BL and 3BS showed monumental effects in 8 and 7 environments. QTL specific for PH were identified on chromosomes 1BS, 3AL, and 7AS. Additionally, three major QTL for HD on chromosomes 2AS, 2BL, and 7BS showed limited or no effects on GY. For both PH and GY, notable epistasis between the chromosome 2BL and 3BS QTL was detected across several environments (Maccaferi et al., 2007).Besides some minor QTLs, one major QTL explaining both reduction of disease severity in the field and increased latency period was found on the long arm of chromosome 7B (Marone et al.,2009).Nine QTL for resistance to stem rust were identified on chromosomes 1AL, 2AS, 3BS, 4BL,5BL, 6AL 7A, 7AL and 7BL (Nachit et al., 2012).6. Current status of research and agriculture statusIn SenegalStudies conducted in the 70 and 80 have shown the potential to lead the wheat in particular, in the Senegal River valley (VFS) but there has been no transfer of results. An alyzing the situation, ISRA has under sign onn in recent years, work on wheat and identified promising productive varieties for agro-climatic conditions of the VFS.According to Dr. Madiama Ciss, a researcher at the ISRA, the Senegal River Valley has huge potential and with the political uncoerced of the state, Senegal go out be a major producer of wheat.A research program was conducted on ten hectares divided between the experimental put up Fanaye, located 160 miles from St. Louis, and Ndiole. These ten hectares were used to assess the plant material that comes from Morocco and we found suitable for the cold season and other varieties of Mexico that are be evaluated in order to increase the packet. Today we have over 75 varieties under observation at Fanaye and indicated for intensive cultivation we impart be able to get out a few that are capable to the Valley. There is also a quarantine which were selected for their temperature tolerance.Technically, the wheat crop is possib le. water supply is available in the Valley, as this area has not only water resources, but the agro-climatic conditions are very favorable.Thus, in light of the available results, lines of set ahead is possible by optimizing production techniques to terms should improve the performance of wheat under the conditions of the Senegal River Valley. These performances are conditioned byGood timing of crop calendarImproved fashion and seedingThe optimization of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate and super acidThe weed managementControl of pest pressure (pests and diseases)Optimal water managementPlace the wheat in crop rotationsIn MauritaniaAOAD (Arab boldness for Agricultural deveveloppement) conducts research for the production of wheat in the experimental stage in some areas of the country through the provision of experts to test the degree of adaptation of some varieties of wheat in the Mauritanias environment.Salem Merrakchi, the agricultural engine driver who oversees the cultivati on of wheat, says that good results are expected in the perimeters have met the adept processes. He says to expect a production of over 3,840 tons of wheat on 1,882 acres, but stresses that some regions have proven to be understaffed for this speculation.Recall that the experience of growing wheat introduced in Mauritania, there are three years, has allowed the use of 6,000 ha in irrigated area and 10,000 ha in rain-fed area with profitability improving season after season.Dr. Walid Al Zaki Yamani, a researcher in the wheat industry and expert AOAD in improving the productivity of wheat cultivation, noted that four experienced variety in Mauritania have a record productivity. Furthermore 29 speculation wheat were tested in four seasons to determine which is best suited to the Mauritian conditions. Following the results, Mauritania is a fertile land suitable for the cultivation of this species, whether in the area irrigated or rain-fed agriculture.7. Material and methodsPhenotyp ic characterizationIn this study the germplasm is a core collection of 380 durum wheat accessions (elite, advanced, wild relatives, and landraces) selected from the ICARDA durum breeding program. The material willing be accurately phenotyped for their response to abiotic stresses (drought and heat) and WUE (Water occasion Efficiency) under a short cycle.The phenotyping will be conducted along the Senegal River at national experimental stations in Mauritania (Kaedi) and Senegal (Fanaye) were wheat planting will always be performed on lands previously sown with rice to set aside indications about wheat-rice crop rotation.We will use the augmented design to curtail error with 4 checks completely repeated in each of the19 blocks that will accommodate the genotype in a small plot 2.5mx 6 rows.We will record the agronomical responses to short cycle and high temperatures and under various water regimes by annotating on-field data (germination, flowering time, plant height, lodging occu rrence of disease and pests) and post-harvest data (yield and thousand kernels weight).Screening for WUE will be conducted in the irrigated trials by providing two water quantities throughout the growing season ideal amount (500 mm) and sub-ideal (250 mm) and then phenotypic values will be recorded.Genotypic characterizationLeaves from this above core collections are self-collected after growing the 380 lines in the green house. DNA extraction will be effected for the further genotyping.First an approximately 50 PCR-based markers associated with drought traits in wheat will be selected and used in exhibit the ICARDA core collection to provide a first glimpse at the useful stress tolerance alleles embedded within this collection.In the arcsecond time the germplasm will be deeply genotyped with 25,000 markers SNP (Simple Nucleotide Polymorphism) using the proverb (Affimetrix) platform available commercially at INRA (Clermont Ferrand).Genetic Studies and statistical analysisWe will use GWAS that use the genotypic data in crew with the phenotypic performances to identify the genomic regions and the specific SNP/alleles associated with the response to abiotic stresses.From these associations, the genomic estimate of breeding value (GEBV) can be calculated. This GEBV will allow to design targeted crosses and to merge all the useful alleles found by GWAS in single cultivars.Further, the SNPs found to be associated with the positive traits will be converted intoreadily available PCR-based assays through the KASPar technology. These assays will be use in further studies using MAS (Marker aided Selection) to tag germplasm with useful alleles of interest.To perform GWAS and GWS (Genome Wide Selection) we need to apply statistical models. In this study we will use a specific parcel (STRUCTURE, Pritchard et al.2000 TASSEL) in combination with Linear Mixed model witch take on account population structure and genetic relatedness and reduce the rate of false positives. We will use R statistic witch is a loose and easily software where all statistical commands will be ran.analysis of variance table, chi-square, t-test, F-value, P-value and others statistical tools will allow us to identify differences between treatments and all what we need to know in this study.